CMOS stands for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. Some of its benefits include less power consumption while increasing the noise immunity at the same time. Moreover, you may also expect low amounts of heat wastage.

Difference between Verilog Task and Verilog Function

Electrical Traction means the system that uses electrical power for traction system i.e. for railways, trams, trolleys, etc. is called electrical traction.

Main Advantages Electrical Traction System are :

• It is free from smoke and flu gases. So clean
• Regenerative braking is used
• D.C. series motors are used because of its high starting torque characteristics. So high acceleration.
• Economical operation cost.

Electromagnetic Induction is a process whereby the electromotive force is generated. This can be done in two ways. The first one goes by introducing a changing magnetic environment to a conductor whereas the second option deals with letting a conductor move in a field having a magnetic effect.

The diodes are used where the energy is required to be flowed only in one direction.

MCB and MCCB both are both are circuit breakers but they are made for different jobs. Below are the few differences between MCB and MCCB

Difference Between MCB and MCCB

Applications of D.C Series Motor are

• It is a variable speed motor i.e. very low speed at high torque and vice versa. However, at no load motor tends to occupy dangerous speed. The motor has a very high starting torque. So it is used for :
• The series DC motor is an industry workhorse for both high and low power, fixed and variable speed electric drives.
• Applications range from cheap toys to automotive applications.
• They are inexpensive to manufacture and are used in variable speed household appliances such as sewing machines and power tools.
• Its high starting torque makes it particularly suitable for a wide range of traction applications.
• Industrial uses are hoists, cranes, trolly cars, conveyors, elevators, air compressors, vacuum cleaners, sewing machines etc.

Reference: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/engineering/applications-of-dc-series-motors.php

Difference between Isolator and Circuit Breaker

• An isolator is an off-load device while the circuit breaker is an on load device.
• An isolator is a switch operated manually, which separate the circuit from the power main and discharges the trapped charges in the circuit.
• Circuit breakers operate automatically, triggered by an electromechanical mechanism inside and are a safety feature for abnormal loads and voltages in the circuit.

Clipper and Clamper circuits

Biogas, wind energy, thermal energy, solar energy are a few examples of renewable energy.

A dc generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into direct current electricity.

There are 2 types of D.C.Generators

• Separately exicted d.c.generator.
• Self exicted d.c.generator.

The relation between mu(nought) and epsilon(nought)

Mu(nought) is known as the permeability of free space and it is used as the relation between changes and the magnetic field produced by the charges. While epsilon(nought) is known as the permittivity of free space and it is used for depicting the relation between static charges and electric field of charges. There is no basic relation between mu(nought) and epsilon(nought) both of them are used for different instances.

According to coulomb's law

E = (1/4πƐo) × (q/r2)

Here, E = Electric field, Ɛo = Permittivity of free space, Q = charge

According to Biot-Savart law

B = (μo/4π) × Idl (sinθ)/r2

Here, B = Magnetic field ,μo = Permeability of free space ,I = current

It all depends on which Locomotive trains you regard.

WAP-4, WAP-1, WAg-5/6/7, WAM-4, and WCAM-1/2/3 all utilize DC series motor as the traction motors on mainline locomotives. These locos are believed to constitute more than 70% of a large piece of IR's locos.

Three phase induction are utilized as Traction motors by WAP-5/7 and WAG-9.

In the local areas, DC locals use DC type of motor while three-phase induction motors are used by the newer BHEL and Siemens.

In the diesel locos, three-phase induction motors are used by the EMD's such as WDP-4/4B/4D and WDG-4/4D whereas the alcos locomotives such as WDM-2/3A/3D/3F, WDG-3A WDP-1/3A uses the DC traction motors

Reactive power is the power that flows back from a destination toward the grid in an alternating current scenario in electrical grid systems. The unit of reactive power is kilo volt-ampere reactive (kVAR) or MVAR. The voltage and load are static, and to put it simply, the direction of energy is "one way," but in alternating current, there are different phases having to do with elements of the system like capacitors and inductors in a direct current system.

The reasons for preferring the AC system over DC are as follows: It is easy to maintain and changes the voltage of AC power for transmission and distribution. AC voltages can be easily transformed to higher or lower voltage levels, while it is difficult to do in the case of DC voltages. The maintenance cost for AC transmission is lower than the DC transmission. In the DC System, the speed control range is greater than the AC System. There is low insulation needed in the DC system (about 70%).

AVR stands for Automatic Voltage Regulator.

In Induction Motor, Slip is the relative speed between the rotating magnetic flux and rotor expressed in terms of per unit synchronous speed. It is a dimensionless quantity.

Working of NPN transistor

Reverse biased in the transistor is connected over the collector-base junction while forward biased is connected over the emitter-base junction. In this type of transistor VCB i.e. reverse biased voltage is more than forward biased voltage.

The emitter is highly doped in the NPN transistor. A bulk of the charge carrier draws near the base when the forward biased is connected over the emitter. Due to this, the emitter current referred as IE is generated. After that, the electron access into P-type and join with the holes.

On the other hand, the base of the NPN transistor is less doped. As a result of this, only a small number of electrons are able to combine and the rest of these forms base current IB. After that, the base current IB access into the collector region. A very high attractive force on the electrons moving toward collector junction is applied by the reversed bias potential of the collector region. This makes an accumulation of the electrons on the collector region.

The entire current of the emitter is access into the base. We will be able to say that the total of the collector or the base current forms emitter current.

Working of PNP transistor

Forward Biased is applied across the emitter-base junction. As a result, the emitter forces the holes in the base region. It forms the emitter current.

These holes draw into the N-type semiconductor and join with the electrons. Due to the thin base of the transistor and lightly doped only a number of holes are able to combine with the electrons and the rest of the holes draws into the collector space charge layer. And this forms the base current.

The reverse base region is applied across the collector base region. The holes which are accumulated throughout the depletion region are collected by the collector under the force of negative polarity. This forms the collector current.

An SF6 circuit breaker is a type of circuit breaker. Sulfur hexafluoride gas or SF 6 gas is used as the arc quenching medium, known as an SF6 circuit breaker. SF 6 gas has an excellent insulating property. It has an electro-negative gas and also has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons.

KVAR stands for Kilo Volt Ampere Reactive which is used to produce the magnetizing flux by Magnetic equipment (transformer, motor, relay, etc.). It is Reactive Power. It is also the ratio between active power and apparent power.

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component. It also conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance) but has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.

LED stands for what ?

LED Stands for "Light Emitting Diode". It is a semiconductor light source, that emits light when current flows through LED. It is work on the working principle of Electroluminescene. It was invented by Nick Holonyak & Oleg Losev in 1962. These are made with different packages with different applications.

Uses of LEDs: 

LEDs are used in 

• LED Displays
• Automative Lighting
• Dimming of Lights
• Smart Phones
• Smart Watches
• Telivisions and many proudcts etc.